Sorensen, J., 2000: Hazard warning systems: Review of 20 years of progress. 216 By considering the centroid-relative track of the vortex pair, the storm-storm interactions can be separated into four components: (i) Approach and Capture, (ii) Mutual Orbit, (iii) Merger, and (iv) Escape (Fig. 8.62).Ī comprehensive analysis of ten cases of tropical cyclone interaction provided a framework for discussion of binary storm interactions. The rotation of the two tropical cyclones around each other can be visualized by subtracting the average motion of the two storms from the motion of each storm separately (Fig. The observed tropical cyclone motion is the combination of this rotation around the other vortex and any other environmental steering. 40, 215 Of these interacting cyclones, 70% orbited cyclonically around one another with slower speeds of rotation around the other vortex with larger separation distance. Binary interactions occurred when the tropical cyclone centers were separated by distances of less than 1300 1400 km, but this critical separation distance depending on the sizes of the interacting systems. Observational studies 40, 214 of the western North Pacific and North Atlantic document binary storm interactions on average 1.5 times per year for the western North Pacific and once every three years 214 in the North Atlantic (for the period 1945-1981). 202, 203 Dynamically, this is just steering and environmental β–effect of one vortex on the other. 8.8.5 Impacts of Extratropical TransitionĨ.7 Tropical Cyclone Motion » 8.7.2 Interaction of Vortices: The Fujiwhara Effectįor over a century it has been known that vortices will move in response to other vortices, even in an otherwise quiescent environment.Box 8-10 The Deadliest Storms on Record: The Bangladesh Cyclones of 19.8.8.1 Storm Surge and Wind-driven Waves.8.7.3 Other Factors Impacting Tropical Cyclone Motion.8.7.2 Interaction of Vortices: The Fujiwhara Effect.8.7.1 The "β-Effect" and Environmental "β" effect.Box 8-9 Unusual Tropical Cyclone Seasons around the Globe.8.6.5 Seasonal Forecasting of Tropical Cyclone Activity.8.6.4 Decadal Cycles and Long Term Climate Influences.8.6.3.2 Interannual Modulation by the Quasi Biennial Oscillation (QBO).8.6.3.1 Interannual Modulation Due to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO).8.6.2.2 Intraseasonal Modulation by the Saharan Air Layer (SAL).8.6.2.1 Intraseasonal Modulation by the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO).Box 8-7 South Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Catarina (2004).8.6.1 Seasonality of Tropical Cyclone Formation.8.5.2 Definitions of ET Onset and Completion.
8.5.1 Global Climatology and Mechanisms Leading to ET.8.4.4.6 Remote Sensing of Inner Core Dynamical Features.8.4.4.5 TC Intensity and 34-kt Wind Speed Radius.8.4.4.2 Satellite Microwave Observations.8.4.4 Estimation of TC Intensity by Remote Sensing.8.4.3 Links between Inner Core Dynamics, Cyclone Structure and Intensity.8.4.2 Environmental Factors Limiting Tropical Cyclone Intensity.Box 8-6 Sloping Angular Momentum Surfaces: Linkage to the Eyewall.8.4.1.2 WISHE: A Carnot Cycle Theory of Potential Intensity.8.4.1.1 Early Theories of Potential Intensity: CISK.8.3.5 Summary of Possible Tropical Cyclogenesis Mechanisms.8.3.3.2 Development from Subtropical Storms.8.3.3 Mesoscale Influences on Tropical Cyclogenesis.8.3.2.3 Tropical Cyclogenesis Associated with the TUTT.8.3.2.1 Alternative Monsoon Trough Modes.8.3.2 Dynamic Controls on Genesis in the Monsoon Trough Environment.8.3.1 Necessary Conditions for the Formation of a Tropical Cyclone.Box 8-4 Hurricane Mitch (1988): A Devastating Storm in Central America.8.2.3.2 Inertial Stability Variations in a TC.8.2.3.1 Geostrophic, Gradient and Cyclostrophic Wind Balances in the TC.8.2.3 Mass Balance Solutions and Scaling Considerations.Box 8-3 Record Tropical Cyclone Intensity in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.8.2.2.5 The End of the Tropical Cyclone Lifecycle: Decay or Extratropical Transition (ET).8.2.2.4 Severe Tropical Cyclone (supertyphoon, major hurricane).8.2.2.3 Tropical Cyclone (typhoon, hurricane).8.2.2 Stages of a Typical Tropical Cyclone Lifecycle.8.2.1 Key Structural Features of a Mature Tropical Cyclone.8.2 Three-Dimensional Structure and Flow Balances.8.1.2 Who is Responsible for Monitoring and Warning on Tropical Cyclones?.Box 8-2 Classification of Tropical Cyclone Intensity around the World.8.1.1 Naming Conventions and Tropical Cyclone Intensity Classifications.